Bowel and Bladder Incontinence

Bowel and bladder incontinence is common after stroke and is often indicative of the severity of stroke. Incontinence is the inability to control urinary and bowel function and often impacts where a patient will be discharged when leaving the acute hospital. Stroke patients with incontinence are less likely to be discharged to home and are more likely to be discharged to another facility for continued care. Studies show that stroke survivors that are continent the first few days after stroke have a much lower mortality rate in comparison to those who experience bowel and bladder incontinence. Incontinence negatively affects stroke patients and often increases the burden on caregivers. Control of bowel and bladder improves for the majority of stroke survivors with time but some will remain incontinent.

Incontinence may be due to stroke in part of the brain affecting bowel and bladder function or it may be a side effect that is due to other factors such as physical disability (patient is unable to physically get to the bathroom), aphasia and cognitive problems (stroke patient may be unable to communicate that he or she needs to use the bathroom), or ataxia. Stroke may worsen incontinence for stroke patients who were already experiencing bladder or bowel dysfunction prior to stroke. This may be especially true for elderly stroke victims since there is a higher incidence of urinary dysfunction in the elderly population. Drugs given post stroke can also be a factor in incontinence.

Bowel and Bladder Incontinence Treatment

Initially, the stroke victim who is incontinent may receive an indwelling catheter (a small flexible tube is inserted in the urinary tract and urine is collected in a bag). Treatments after the catheter is removed may include a toileting schedule, medication, bladder retraining, behavioral therapy, use of adaptive equipment, improving physical mobility, and improving speech and cognition.

There are limited studies on the effectiveness of treatments for incontinence after stroke, but the following are some tips to help with bladder/bowel retraining and incontinent episodes:

Establish a toileting schedule (i.e. - set a timer for every 2 hours to go to the bathroom which helps train the bowel and bladder)
Improve physical mobility and transfers to the toilet (an occupational therapist can address this during therapy sessions)
If mobility is an issue, invest in adaptive clothing which allows for clothing to be changed from a seated position.
Work on improving communication so that the stroke patient can express the need to go to the bathroom (a speech therapist can help with this)
Devise a communication method between caregiver and stroke patient if the patient is unable to verbalize the need to urinate (i.e. a bell or calling system)
Practice Kegel exercises which strengthen the pelvic floor.
Use a bedside commode to make it easier to get to the bathroom quickly at night
Ask your physician about medications for overactive bladder
Examine medications with your M.D. to make sure they are not causing urinary or bowel problems
Notify your caregiver of the need to urinate or move your bowels as soon as it comes on - waiting can lead to accidents.
Limit fluids in the evening before bed
Limit caffeine
Use disposable undergarments or pantiliners
Purchase washable waterproof pads for use on beds or furniture (furniture covers can be used over the pads to make them less conspicuous)
Carry an extra set of clean garments when leaving the house (keep extra set in car at all times)
Schedule extra time for outings due to more frequent restroom breaks
Carry wipes and hand sanitizer with you at all times